Syntax: An Introduction: A Textbook for University students of Linguistics & Translation
(Sprache: Englisch)
Translation is as old as the art of writing or as old as history of education in general. It is occasioned by the social needs of people. Whenever, for instance, two linguistic groups interact as neighbors to each other, translation from and to each other's...
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Translation is as old as the art of writing or as old as history of education in general. It is occasioned by the social needs of people. Whenever, for instance, two linguistic groups interact as neighbors to each other, translation from and to each other's languages becomes inevitable if they must meaningfully communicate with each other in matters of commerce, intermarriage, education, legal issues, etc. Religious books like those that the Holy Qur'an and the Bible have been facilitating essentially translated to numerous languages in different parts of the world.Translation is also regarded a
s a significant key that connects the literary works of authors from diverse culture. It also plays a pivotal role in minimizing the cultural divergences. Translation has been widely practiced over the centuries in the world in general and in Arab world in particular. The founding mythology and the sacred texts of the dominant religions are all based on translations. In short, translation has been essential for development and change in literature, commerce, technology, politics, so on and so forth.
Translation mediates between languages, societies, and literatures, and it is through translation that linguistic and cultural barriers may be overcome. Traditionally, translation is considered a change of form, which is a change of surface structures from a source language into a target language. A rather simple definition of translation as "the replacement of textual material (SL) by equivalent textual material in another (TL)" is suggested by Catford (1990, p.20). In this respect, Catford is more concerned with formal language rules and grammar, rather than the context or the pragmatics of the text to be translated. Nonetheless, he stressed that:"Since every language is formally sui-generis, and formal correspondence is, at best, a rough approximate on it is clear that the formal meaning of SL items can rarely be the same"(Catford, 1990, p.36).Indeed, form is a vehicle of
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meaning, and translation consists mainly of transferring the meaning of the SL text into the TL. Hence, translation, according to Nida(2001,p.12),"consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style". This definition reveals a notion of equivalence in translation at the semantic and stylistic levels. It views translation as a reproduction of a similar response of the TL reader by reproducing equivalent meaning and style. In other words, it favors a maximum equivalence of meaning and effect as suggested by F.E Tylor (2002, p.37)
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Text Sample:Chapter 2 Translation Procedures& Strategies:
Translation strategies are the procedures employed by the translator to attempt a solution to the multifarious baffling problems with which translation is indubitably replete. Malone (1988, p.78) defines translation
The steps, selected from a consciously known range of potential procedures, taken to solve a translation problem, which has been consciously detected and resulting in a consciously applied solution.
While some strategies are helpful, others turn out to be of little avail. It follows, then, that the translator has to sort out the wheat from the chaff in pursuit of a good translation. Here, the translator may utilize particular strategies in accordance with the method anticipated in the course of translation, i.e. target- orientedness or source- orientedness.,
Faced with differences in the extralinguistic reality of the two cultures or its lexical mapping, the translator tries to reconcile them by relying on the following procedures: borrowing, definition, literal translation, substitution, lexical creation, omission, and addition. Three comments that need to be made by the researcher in connection with this list:
First, not all of the procedures achieve cultural transfer in the sense of filling the gap, but they all serve the purpose of achieving communicative equivalence in translation. For instance, substitution and omission certainly do not help to make members of the target culture aware of anything that their culture does not already possess, and lexical creation is no more enlightening than the use of the sources - language expression unless accompanied by some other procedure that will make the particular extra-linguistic feature part of their experiences. Second, combinations of procedures rather than single procedures are required for optimum transmission of cultural information (e.g., borrowing -and- definition, borrowing-and- substitution, lexical creation-and-
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definition,)
Third, in planning his/her translation strategy, the translator does not make a one-time decision on how he/she will treat unmatched elements of culture; rather, even if the translator has established an overall order of preferences, he/she usually makes a new decision for each element and for ist each use in an act of communication, rather, even if he has established an overall order of preferences, he usually makes a new decision for each such element and for each use in an act of communication .(Cohen,1990,p.78)
2. 1 Borrowing( Importation)
Borrowing the source language expression is frequently used procedure and one that assures a very precise transmission of cultural information, if the knowledge of the extra linguistic reality in question has been assured in some other way by definition, visual representation, direct experience, etc. This is the reason why this procedure is often combined with definition or substitution. It has the advantages that, once the expression enters the target language, it can be used freely in all contexts and collocations in which it is used in the source language. In this context Fawcett (1997, p.34) points out:
Once a term is accepted in the target language, it can be used just any as other word in the language without adding special notes to it. When using a borrowed term for the first time, however, it is better to use a combination of methods like borrowing and definition.
Borrowing is not a new phenomenon in the history of language contact. It is considered, in the words of Larson (1984, p.143), to be'' one of the ways in which a language renews ist lexicon'', and it has been one of the translation strategies employed in interlingual communication. This strategy is based on the transference of an item from a SL into a TL at different levels, with varying degrees, e.g., 'phonological', 'orthographic', 'morphological', 'semantic', 'lexical' and 'phraselogical '(Leech ,1993,p.84).Levy(2000,p.60)speaks of three different methods fo
Third, in planning his/her translation strategy, the translator does not make a one-time decision on how he/she will treat unmatched elements of culture; rather, even if the translator has established an overall order of preferences, he/she usually makes a new decision for each element and for ist each use in an act of communication, rather, even if he has established an overall order of preferences, he usually makes a new decision for each such element and for each use in an act of communication .(Cohen,1990,p.78)
2. 1 Borrowing( Importation)
Borrowing the source language expression is frequently used procedure and one that assures a very precise transmission of cultural information, if the knowledge of the extra linguistic reality in question has been assured in some other way by definition, visual representation, direct experience, etc. This is the reason why this procedure is often combined with definition or substitution. It has the advantages that, once the expression enters the target language, it can be used freely in all contexts and collocations in which it is used in the source language. In this context Fawcett (1997, p.34) points out:
Once a term is accepted in the target language, it can be used just any as other word in the language without adding special notes to it. When using a borrowed term for the first time, however, it is better to use a combination of methods like borrowing and definition.
Borrowing is not a new phenomenon in the history of language contact. It is considered, in the words of Larson (1984, p.143), to be'' one of the ways in which a language renews ist lexicon'', and it has been one of the translation strategies employed in interlingual communication. This strategy is based on the transference of an item from a SL into a TL at different levels, with varying degrees, e.g., 'phonological', 'orthographic', 'morphological', 'semantic', 'lexical' and 'phraselogical '(Leech ,1993,p.84).Levy(2000,p.60)speaks of three different methods fo
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Bibliographische Angaben
- Autor: Ali Alhaj
- 2015, Erstauflage, 72 Seiten, Maße: 15,5 x 22 cm, Kartoniert (TB), Englisch
- Verlag: Anchor Academic Publishing
- ISBN-10: 3954898896
- ISBN-13: 9783954898893
Sprache:
Englisch
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