The Breakdown of the USSR

Seminar paper from the year 2002 in the subject History Europe - Other Countries - Newer History, European Unification, grade: 1 (A), University of Birmingham (Centre for Russian and East European Studies), course: Graduate Soviet Social and Economic History, language: English, abstract: The collapse of the Soviet Union has been one of the most controversially discussed issuesamong historians and social scientists throughout the last decade. Paradoxically the imminentcollapse of communism had been predicted frequently by Western observers during the earlyyears of the Bolshevik rule. With the victory of the Second World War those voices weremuted and the West accomodated with the existence of an obviously stable, mighty andeconomically expanding country.1 The breakdown of communism in 1991 had beenanticipated by few contemporary scholars, although the majority were aware of the symptomsof a deep crisis.In this essay I will argue that in order to better understand the collapse of communismin the Soviet Union, a central role must be given to the economy and its effects on other areas.Most symptoms of the crisis and the ultimate breakdown of the system can in fact beattributed to the impact of economic failure. Whereas, economic modernization was the motorof success in the early decades, the economy became the weakest link of the Soviet system inthe later period as its structural shortcomings deeply effected other areas as well.The first part of this essay is intended to briefly outline the central role the economyplayed in the development of Soviet socialism. The second part analyses the far-reachingimpact of the economic downturn, while the third part discusses the limits of reform beforedrawing a conclusion.21 M Cox, 'Critical Reflections on Soviet Studies', in: M Cox (ed.), Rethinking the Soviet Collapse, L: Pinter,1998, p 27.2 The author is aware that in the given scope of this essay only a minor and not necessarily representatitvefraction of the debatesand works