Thermodynamics in Geology

Definitions.- 7.3 Accuracy of calculated equilibria.- 7.4 Precision of calculated equilibria.- 7.5 Thermochemical data from P-T brackets.- 7.6 Discussion and conclusions.- Study Problems.- 8. Thermodynamics of Dehydration Equilibria.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Theoretical background.- 8.3 Retrieval of thermodynamic data.- 8.4 Calculation of phase diagrams.- 8.5 Dehydration equilibria involving crystalline solutions.- Study Problems.- Solutions to Problems.- 9. Fugacity and Activity of Molecular Species in Supercritical Fluids.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Scope and definitions.- 9.3 Review of available experimental data.- 9.4 Molecular dynamics.- 9.5 The Redlich-Kwong equation of state.- 9.6 Conclusions.- Study Problems.- 10. Compositions and Thermodynamics of Metamorphic Solutions.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 O-H gases.- 10.3 C-O gases.- 10.4 C-O-H gases.- 10.5 C-O-H-S gases.- 10.6 H-O-F and H-O-N gases.- 10.7 Acids and bases.- 10.8 Measurement of the activity of H20.- 10.9 Summary and conclusions.- Study Problems.- 11. The Significance of Fluid Inclusions in Metamorphic Rocks.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Observation by conventional techniques (petrographic microscopy).- 11.3 Microthermometry: Tf and Th.- 11.4 Other analytical methods.- 11.5 Conclusion.- Study Problems.- Solutions to Problems.- 12. The Stability of Phlogopite in the Presence of Quartz and Diopside.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Experimental methods.- 12.3 Stability of phlogopite and quartz.- 12.4 Stability of phlogopite quartz and diopside.- 12.5 Thermodynamic considerations.- 12.6 Geological applications.- Study Problems.- 13. Opaque Minerals as Sensitive Oxygen Barometers and Geothermometers in Lunar Basalts.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Spinel solid solution series.- 13.3 Armalcolite series.- 13.4 Subsolidus reduction reactions.- 14. Thermodynamic Properties of Molten Salt Solutions.- 14.1. Introduction.- 14.2 Systems of the type AX-BX.- 14.3 Systems of the type AX-AY.- 14.4 Charge unsymmetrical mixtures which contain a common anion.- 14.5 Mixtures containing two cations and two anions.- 15. Thermodynamic Properties of Silicate Melts.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Nature of silicate melts.- 15.3 Acids and bases.- 15.4 Binary silicate melts.- 15.5 Application of mixing models.- 15.6 Standard states of oxide components.- 15.7 Effects of melt structure on liquidus boundaries.- 16. The Activities of Components in Natural Silicate Melts.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Thermodynamic characterization of silicate melts.- 16.3 Estimation of pressures and temperatures of equilibration.- 16.4 Example and discussion.- Appendix: Program for solving equations for P and T.- Study problem.- 17. The Thermodynamics of Trace Element Distribution.- 17.1 Introduction.- 17.2 Henry's Law.- 17.3 Formulation of distribution coefficients.- 17.4 Relationship between distribution coefficients and equilibrium constants.- 17.5 Geothermometry and geobarometry.- 17.6 Trace elements in gas-solid reactions.- 17.7 Concluding Remarks.- 18. The Solubility of Calcite in Sea Water.- 18.1 Introduction.- 18.2 In situ saturometry.- 18.3 Laboratory kinetic measurements.- 18.4 Possible explanations for the differences between the Berner and Ingle et al. solubility results.- 18.5 Conclusions.- 19. Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics in Metamorphism.- 19.1 Introduction.- 19.2 Fundamental relations.- 19.3 Models for diffusion-controlled, steady-state processes.- 19.4 The transformation to practical reference frames.- 19.5 Application to the Vastervik segregations.- 19.6 Conclusion.- Study Problems.- Solutions to Problems.