This is Technology Ethics

Negative Misalignment of Technologies 87 4.6 Positive Non- Instrumental Value Alignment of Technologies 90 4.7 Negative Non- Instrumental Value Misalignment of Technologies 94 4.8 The Control Problem 96 4.9 Control as a Value: Instrumental or Non- Instrumental? And Are There Some Technologies It Might Be Wrong to Try to Control? 99 Annotated Bibliography 102 5 Behavior Change Technologies, Gamification, Personal Autonomy, and the Value of Control 104 5.1 A Better You? 104 5.2 Behavior Change Technologies and Gamification 107 5.3 Control: Three Basic Observations 110 5.4 Key Dimensions of Control Discussed in Different Areas of Philosophy 112 5.5 Behavior Change Technologies and the "Subjects" and "Objects" of Control 116 5.6 The Value and Ethical Importance of Control 120 5.7 Concluding This Chapter 123 Annotated Bibliography 125 6 Responsibility and Technology: Mind the Gap(s)? 127 6.1 Two Events 127 6.2 What Is Responsibility? Different Ways in Which People Can Be Held Responsible and Different Things for Which People Can Be Held Responsible 130 6.3 Responsibility Gaps: General Background 134 6.4 Responsibility Gaps Created by Technologies 138 6.5 Filling Responsibility Gaps by Having People Voluntarily Take Responsibility 142 6.6 Should We Perhaps Welcome Responsibility Gaps? 145 6.7 Responsible Machines? 148 6.8 Human-Machine Teams and Responsibility 153 6.9 Concluding This Chapter 155 Annotated Bibliography 156 7 Can a Machine be a Moral Agent? Should any Machines be Moral Agents? 158 7.1 Machine Ethics 158 7.2 Arguments in Favor of Machine Ethics and Types of Artificial Moral Agents 160 7.3 Objections to the Machine Ethics Project 163 7.3.1 First Objection: Morality Cannot Be Fully Codified 164 7.3.2 Second Objection: It Is Unethical to Create Machines that We Allow to Make Life- and- Death Decisions About Human Beings 165 7.3.3 Third Objection: Moral Agents Need to Have Moral Emotions and Machines Do Not/Cannot Have Emotions 167 7.3.4 Fourth Objection: Machines Are Not Able to Act for Reasons 169 7.3.5 Brief Reminder of the Objections to Machine Ethics Considered Above 171 7.4 Possible Ways of Responding to the Critiques of the Machine Ethics Project 172 7.4.1 First Response: Bottom- Up Learning Rather Than Top- Down Rule- Following 173 7.4.2 Second Response: Resisting the Idea That Machines/Technologies Should Ever Be Full Moral Agents 175 7.4.3 Third Response: Switching to Thinking in Terms of Human-Machine Teams Rather Than in Terms of Independent Artificial Moral Agents 176 7.5 Concluding This Chapter 179 Annotated Bibliography 180 8 Can Robots be Moral Patients, with Moral Status? 182 8.1 The Tesla Bot and Erica the Robot 182 8.2 What Is a Humanoid Robot? And Why Would Anybody Want to Create a Humanoid Robot? 186 8.3 Can People Act Rightly or Wrongly Toward Robots? 190 8.4 Can Robots Have Morally Relevant Properties or Abilities? 193 8.5 Can Robots Imitate or Simulate Morally Relevant Properties or Abilities? 197 8.6 Can Robots Represent or Symbolize Morally Relevant Properties or Abilities? 200 8.7 Should We Be Discussing-- Or Perhaps Better Be Avoiding-- the Question of Whether Robots Can Be Moral Patients, with Moral Status? 205 Annotated Bibliography 210 9 Technological Friends, Lovers, and Colleagues 213 9.1 Replikas, Chuck and Harmony, and Boomer 213 9.2 Ethical Issues That Arise in This Context Independently of Whether Technologies Can Be Our Friends, Lovers, or Colleagues 216 9.3 Technological Friends 219 9.4 Technological Lovers and Romantic Partners 222 9.5 Robotic Colleagues 227 9.6 Are These All- or- Nothing Matters? Respect for Different Points of View 232 9.7 The Technological Future of Relationships 234 Annotated Bibliography 238 10 Merging with the Machine: The Future of Human-Technology Relations 240 10.1 The Experience Machine 240 10.2 Different Ways of Merging with-- Or Merging with the Help of-- Technology 244 10.3 Transhumanism, Posthumanism, and Whether We Should Become-- Or Perhaps Already Are-- Cyborgs 248 10.4 Some Critical Reflections on the Proposals to Merge with Technologies and the Arguments and Outlooks Used in Favor of Such Proposals 251 10.5 Concluding Reflections: Revisiting the Hut in the Black Forest 256 Annotated Bibliography 263 Index 265