Transport Mechanisms in Membrane Separation Processes

Procedure of Membrane Permeation.- 9.5. Stress Distributions Inside Membranes.- 9.6. Effect of Pressure Gradients Inside Membranes on Permeation.- 9.7. Permeability Equation for Gases.- 10. Permeation Experiments (Program and Procedures).- 10.1. Membranes Tested.- 10.2. Pervaporation Experiments.- 10.3. Reverse Osmosis Experiments.- 10.4. Dialysis Experiments.- 11. Results of Permeation Experiments.- 11.1. Effect of Permeation Time on Flux and Selectivity.- 11.2. Effect of Composition and External Driving Force on Flux and Selectivity.- 12. Experimental Check of the Permeation Equations.- 12.1. Concentration Dependence of the Mean Diffusivity.- 12.2. Prediction of Selectivity in Pervaporation.- 12.3. Comparison of Calculated and Measured Permeation in Reverse Osmosis.- 12.4. Comparison of Calculated and Measured Permeation by Dialysis.- 12.5. Mutual Effect of Hydrocarbons on their Permeability.- 12.6. Pervaporation of Ethyl Alcohol/Water Mixtures through Cellulose Diacetate Membranes.- 12.7. Permeability of Gases in Polysulfone.- 12.8. Permeability of Mixtures of CO2 and CH4 in Polyisoprene.- 13. Optimum Choice of Polymers for Membrane Preparation.- 14. Discussion and Conclusions.- Appendix I. Irreversible Processes Near Equilibrium.- I.1. Introduction.- I.2. Theory of Near-Equilibrium Processes.- I.3. Entropy Production in Irreversible Flow Processes.- I.4. Rate of Entropy Production; Dissipation Function.- I.5. Phenomenological Equations.- I.6. Requirements of the Phenomenological Coefficients.- I.7. Application of IT/OR/ORR in Membranes; The Kedem-Katchalsky Mode.- AppendixII. Derivation of the Concentration Polarization Equation of Gases.- II.1. Continuity Equation.- II.2. Transport Equation for Tight Membranes.- II.3. Experiments and Results.- Appendix III. Derivation of The Maxwell-Stefan Equation.- Appendix IV. Derivation of the Modified Maxwell-Stefan Equation.- Appendix V. Theory of the Entropy of Mixing.- V.1. Derivation of the Entropy Equation.- V.2. Entropy of Elastic Strain.- Appendix VI. Partial Molar Mixing Enthalpy of Multicomponent Mixtures.- Appendix VII. Solubility Equation for Gases in Polymers.- Appendix VIII. Evaluation and Estimation of Swelling Parameters.- VIII.1. Crystallinity.- VIII.2. Coordination Number.- VIII.3. Partial Molar Volume.- VIII.4. Partial Molar Heat of Mixing.- VIII.5. Activity of Permeants and Permeant Mixtures.- VIII.6. Elastic Strain Factor.- Appendix IX. Self-Diffusivity in Multicomponent Mixtures.- Appendix X. Viscosity of Multicomponent Mixtures.- Appendix XI. Estimation of the Geometric Diffusion Resistance.- Appendix XII. Approximate Solution of the General Differential Equation of Membrane Permeation.- Appendix XIII. Derivation of the Gas Permeation Equation.- List of Symbols.- References.