An Integrated Approach for Added-Value Products from Lignocellulosic Biorefineries

vanillin and syringaldehyde onto polymeric resins

2.3 The integrated process for complete lignin valorization into phenolic compounds and polyurethanes

3. Polyurethanes from recovered and depolymerized lignins

3.1 Overview of strategies and opportunities

3.2 Lignin use as such

  3.2.1 Reactive filler in polyurethane foams

3.2.2 Additive to enhance biodegradability

3.2.3 Co-monomer to produce elastomers

3.3 Lignin use after chemical modification

3.3.1 Overview of lignin liquefaction processes

3.3.2 Oxypropylation as a viable route to produce liquid polyols

3.3.3 Screening of opportunities for oxypropylated lignin

3.3.4 Production of rigid polyurethane foams 3.4. Lignin use after depolymerization

4. Polyphenols from bark of Eucalyptus globulus

4.1 Composition of polar extracts

4.2 Extraction of polyphenols

4.2.1 Water and alkaline extractions: selectivity and concentration strategy

4.2.2 Ethanol/water extraction: process optimization for phenolic compounds

4.2.3 Screening for valuable applications: tanning proprieties and biological activity

4.3 Fractionation of ethanolic extracts from Eucalyptus globulus bark

4.3.1 Membrane processing

4.3.1.1 Resistance and cake build up analysis in the ultrafiltration of ethanol:water extract (80:20 v/v)

4.3.1.2 Application of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration to etanol/water extract (52:48 v/v)

4.3.2 Diafiltration and adsorption for purification and concentration of polyphenols

5. Conclusions and future perspectives

6. References

in biorefinery topic (http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1561-4406). Before joining LSRE-LCM she worked as post-doctoral researcher in value-added chemicals from lignocellulosic materials at University of Aveiro and RAIZ (Forest and Paper Research Institute) after completing Ph.D in 2005 in the topic of kraft pulping, bleaching and wood components.


4. Dr. Carina Andreia Esteves da Costa: Carina Costa has graduated in Chemistry at the University of Aveiro (UA) in 2007. Two years later, she finished her Master in Analytical Chemistry also at UA. In 2017, Carina Costa concluded her Ph.D. in Chemical and Biological Engineering at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP) with a thesis entitled "Vanillin and Syringaldehyde from Side Streams of Pulp and Paper Industries and Biorefineries". Since then she is member of the research team of the Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM, working in the study of lignin characterization and valorization through the production of high added-value chemicals.

5. Dr. Maria Inês Ferreira da Mota: Inês Mota graduated in Biological Engineering at the University of Minho, in Braga, Portugal, in 2005. After a 5 year period working in food safety consulting and quality management, in 2010 she started working in a Biorefinery research project related with the extraction of bioactive polyphenolic compounds from E. globolus bark and its fractionation and purification by membrane and adsorption processes at Associate laboratory LSRE-LCM. She obtained the integrated master degree in Chemical Engineering in 2011 at FEUP and in 2017 concluded her Ph.D degree in Chemical and Biological Engineering at FEUP. Her doctoral research was focused on fractionation and purification of oxidized lignin solution by chromatographic and membrane separation processes in order to obtain purified fractions of vanillin and syringaldehyde. Currently, she is a technological R&D researcher at RAIZ, part of The Navigator Company, since 2017, working on research areas of biorefinery and lignin.


6. Dr. Isabel Patrícia Fernandes: Isabel Fernandes (ORCID ID:0000-0002-0069-4503) graduated in Chemical Engineering at the Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (IPB) in 2003, and obtained the Master degree in Chemical and Biological Engineering, also at IPB, in 2008. In 2017, she completed the Ph.D degree in Chemical and Biological Engineering at the Faculty of Engineering University of Porto (FEUP). Her work is devoted to the synthesis of polymeric materials, namely polyurethanes and polyureas for various industrial applications, and focused on the development of biobased and biodegradable solutions, which include the use of lignin.