Association of plant growth promoting microorganism with transgenic Blackgram: PGPR association with transgenic plants

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Chapter 2.2 The Mycorrhiza:
Mycorrhiza are highly evolved, mutualistic associations between soil fungi and plant roots. The partners in this association are members of the fungus kingdom (Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes and Zygomycetes) and most vascular plants (Harley & Smith 1983; Kendrick 1990; Brundrett 1991). In the Mycorrhizal literature, the term symbiosis is often used to describe these highly interdependent mutualistic relationships where the host plant receives mineral nutrients while the fungus obtains photosynthetically derived carbon compounds (Harley & Smith 1983). Mycorrhizal associations involve 3-way interactions between host plants, mutualistic fungi and soil factors. The benefits to plants from Mycorrhizal symbiosis can be characterized either agronomically by increased growth and yield or ecologically by improved fitness (i.e., reproductive ability). Mycorrhizal fungi usually proliferate both in the root and in the soil. The soilborne or extramatrical hyphae take up nutrients from the soil solution and transport them to the root. By this mechanism, Mycorrhizae increase the effective absorptive surface area of the plant. In nutrient-poor or moisture-deficient soils, nutrients taken up by the extramatrical hyphae can lead to improved plant growth and reproduction. As a result, Mycorrhizal plants are often more competitive and better able to tolerate environmental stresses than are nonmycorrhizal plants (Brundrett et al 1988, 1990).
Chapter: 2.2.1 Types of Mycorrhiza
Mycorrhiza has been classified on the basis of types of associations with the host plants. At least seven different types of Mycorrhizal associations have been recognized, involving different groups of fungi and host plants and distinct morphology patterns. These are Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizas (VAM), Ectomycorrhizas (ECM), Ectoendomycorrhiza, Arbutoid, Monotropoid, Ericoid, and Orchid. The most important and most studied associations that exist widely in

Dr. Chandrama Prakash Upadhyaya received the doctoral degree from University of Delhi. Dr Chandrama is engaged in research for last 12 years. His major research area is Plant Functional Genomics, Molecular Mechanism of Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Plant Microbes Interaction and Nutritional Improvement of edible crop plants. he has published several publications in peer reviewed journal of International and National repute. Dr Chandrama has worked in different countries viz Switzerland, South Korea in different capacity as Post Doc Fellow & faculty member. He is engaged as Senior Assistant professor at Central University situated in Sagar City of Central India in state of Madhya Pradesh, India.