Evolutionary Structural Optimization

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Background.- 1.2 The Engineering Design Process.- 1.3 Illustration: A Simply Supported Beam.- 1.4 Wish List for Structural Optimization.- 1.5 Finite Element Analysis (FEA).- 1.6 References.- 2 Basic Evolutionary Structural Optimization.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Material Removal Based on Stress Level.- 2.3 Example of Two-Bar Frame.- 2.4 Examples of Michell Type Structures.- 2.5 Structures with Uniform Surface Stress.- 2.6 Conclusion.- 2.7 References.- 3 ESO for Multiple Load Cases and Multiple Support Environments.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 ESO for Multiple Load Cases.- 3.3 ESO for Multiple Support Environments.- 3.4 Examples of ESO for Multiple Load Cases.- 3.5 Examples of ESO for Multiple Support Environments.- 3.6 Conclusion.- 3.7 References.- 4 Structures with Stiffness or Displacement Constraints.- 4.1 Overall Stiffness Constraint.- 4.2 Displacement Constraint.- 4.3 Examples of Optimization with a Displacement Constraint.- 4.4 Constraint on the Difference of Two Displacements.- 4.5 Multiple Displacement Constraints.- 4.6 Example of Optimization with Multiple Displacement Constraints.- 4.7 Minimizing Weight of Plate by Reducing Element Thickness.- 4.8 Example of Least Weight Design of Plate with Variable Thicknesses.- 4.9 Keeping Weight Constant Through Material Shifting.- 4.10 Example of Optimal Design of Plate Subject to Constant Weight.- 4.11 Conclusion.- 4.12 References.- 5 Frequency Optimization.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Sensitivity Number for Frequency.- 5.3 Evolutionary Procedures for Frequency Optimization.- 5.4 Examples.- 5.5 Conclusion.- 5.6 References.- 6 Optimization Against Buckling.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Sensitivity Number for Buckling Load.- 6.3 Bimodal and Multimodal Problems.- 6.4 Evolutionary Procedure for Buckling Optimization.-6.5 Example of Column Optimization.- 6.6 Example of Frame Optimization.- 6.7 Plate Optimization.- 6.8 Conclusion.- 6.9 References.- 7 ESO for Pin- and Rigid-Jointed Frames.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 ESO