Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning

Angles 188 7.5 Solar Irradiation 191 7.6 Heat Gain Through Fenestrations 198 7.7 Energy Calculations 213 References 214 Problems 214 8. The Cooling Load 217 8.1 Heat Gain, Cooling Load, and Heat Extraction Rate 217 8.2 Application of Cooling Load Calculation Procedures 220 8.3 Design Conditions 221 8.4 Internal Heat Gains 222 8.5 Overview of the Heat Balance Method 226 8.6 Transient Conduction Heat Transfer 228 8.7 Outside Surface Heat Balance--Opaque Surfaces 232 8.8 Fenestration--Transmitted Solar Radiation 238 8.9 Interior Surface Heat Balance--Opaque Surfaces 240 8.10 Surface Heat Balance--Transparent Surfaces 246 8.11 Zone Air Heat Balance 250 8.12 Implementation of the Heat Balance Method 255 8.13 Radiant Time Series Method 256 8.14 Implementation of the Radiant Time Series Method 266 8.15 Supply Air Quantities 273 References 273 Problems 275 9. Energy Calculations and Building Simulation 279 9.1 Degree-Day Procedure 279 9.2 Bin Method 282 9.3 Comprehensive Simulation Methods 287 9.4 Energy Calculation Tools 293 9.5 Other Aspects of Building Simulation 294 References 294 Problems 297 10. Flow, Pumps, and Piping Design 298 10.1 Fluid Flow Basics 298 10.2 Centrifugal Pumps 309 10.3 Combined System and Pump Characteristics 313 10.4 Piping System Fundamentals 317 10.5 System Design 335 10.6 Steam Heating Systems 343 References 356 Problems 357 11. Space Air Diffusion 363 11.1 Behavior of Jets 363 11.2 Air-Distribution System Design 371 References 388 Problems 388 12. Fans and Building Air Distribution 391 12.1 Fans 391 12.2 Fan Relations 391 12.3 Fan Performance and Selection 396 12.4 Fan Installation 403 12.5 Field Performance Testing 410 12.6 Fans and Variable-Air-Volume Systems 412 12.7 Air Flow in Ducts 414 12.8 Air Flow in Fittings 421 12.9 Accessories 434 12.10 Duct Design--General 435 12.11 Duct Design--Sizing 440 References 450 Problems 450 13. Direct Contact Heat and Mass Transfer 456 13.1 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer 456 13.2 Spray Chambers 459 13.3 Cooling Towers 467 References 474 Problems 475 14. Extended Surface Heat Exchangers 477 14.1 The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Method 478 14.2 The Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method 479 14.3 Heat Transfer--Single-Component Fluids 480 14.4 Transport Coefficients Inside Tubes 487 14.5 Transport Coefficients Outside Tubes and Compact Surfaces 492 14.6 Design Procedures for Sensible Heat Transfer 498 14.7 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer 509 References 520 Problems 520 15. Refrigeration 524 15.1 The Performance of Refrigeration Systems 524 15.2 The Theoretical Single-Stage Compression Cycle 526 15.3 Refrigerants 529 15.4 Refrigeration Equipment Components 535 15.5 The Real Single-Stage Cycle 549 15.6 Absorption Refrigeration 555 15.7 The Theoretical Absorption Refrigeration System 565 15.8 The Aqua-Ammonia Absorption System 567 15.9 The Lithium Bromide-Water System 571 References 574 Problems 574 Appendix A. Thermophysical Properties 577 Table A.1a Properties of Refrigerant 718 (Water-Steam)--English Units 578 Table A.1b Properties of Refrigerant 718 (Water-Steam)--SI Units 579 Table A.2a Properties of Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2 Tetrafluoroethane)--English Units 580 Table A.2b Properties of Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane)--SI Units 582 Table A.3a Properties of Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane)--English Units 584 Table A.3b Properties of Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane)--SI Units 586 Table A.4a Air--English Units 588 Table A.4b Air--SI Units 589 Appendix B. Weather Data 590 Table B.1a Heating and Cooling Design Conditions--United States, Canada, and the World--English Units 591 Table B.1b Heating and Cooling Design Conditions--United States, Canada, and World--SI Units 594 Table B.2 Annual Bin Weather Data for Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 35 24 N, 97 36 W, 1285 ft Elevation 597 Table B.3 Annual Bin Weather Data for Chicago, Illinois, 41 47 N, 87 45 W, 607 ft Elevation 597 Table B.4 Annual Bin Weather Data for Denver, Colorado, 39 45 N, 104 52 W, 5283 ft Elevation 598 Table B.5 Annual Bin Weather Data for Washington, D.C., 38 51 N, 77 02 W, 14 ft Elevation 598 Appendix C. Pipe and Tube Data 599 Table C.1 Steel Pipe Dimensions--English and SI Units 600 Table C.2 Type L Copper Tube Dimensions--English and SI Units 601 Appendix D. Useful Data 602 Table D.1 Conversion Factors 603 Appendix E. Charts 605 Chart 1a ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 1 (IP) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 606 Chart 1b ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 1 (SI) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 607 Chart 1Ha ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 4 (IP) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 608 Chart 1Hb ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 6 (SI) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 609 Chart 2 Enthalpy-concentration diagram for ammonia-water solutions (From Unit Operations by G. G. Brown, Copyright (c) 1951 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) 610 Chart 3 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for refrigerant 134a (Reprinted by permission.) 611 Chart 4 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for refrigerant 22 (Reprinted by permission.) 612 Chart 5 Enthalpy-concentration diagram for Lithium Bromide-water solutions (Courtesy of Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago IL.) 613 Chart 6 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Freon(TM) 407C (SI Units). Courtesy of Chemours 614 Chart 7 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Freon(TM) 407A (SI Units). Courtesy of Chemours 615 Chart 8 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Freon(TM) 410A (SI Units). Courtesy of Chemours 616 Index 617